Qui Locutus: Pope John Paul II

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Pope Blessed John Paul II and Universalism, Part One

In April, 2011, Scott published a post on whether or not the process for sainthood on Pope Blessed John Paul II was moving too fast. To a vocal minority, some of John Paul’s actions and words may seem be to be too controversial for his cause for sainthood to go forward right now. The perception of unorthodox behavior bothers some. I do not intend to go over the whole post again. I find that people jumping to the wrong conclusions seem to be winning the day. Maybe the old practice of not even hearing a cause for sainthood until fifty years after the person is dead should have been one of the stipulations that remained in the process.

Well, on to the defense of Pope John Paul II…Did he teach universalism?

Let’s make this clear Universalism is a heresy. It is not taught by the Catholic Church. What is Universalism?

1 often capitalized

a: a theological doctrine that all human beings will eventually be saved

b: the principles and practices of a liberal Christian denomination founded in the 18th century originally to uphold belief in universal salvation and now united with Unitarianism

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/universalism

Once called Apocatastasis:

A name given in the history of theology to the doctrine which teaches that a time will come when all free creatures will share in the grace of salvation; in a special way, the devils and lost souls.

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01599a.htm

This was never the teaching of Pope John Paul II; that will be shown in this four part series.

Here are the quotations, as they appeared in the original post:

4) It is asserted that Pope John Paul II taught universalism (a heresy) in at least the following documents:

John Paul II, Redemptor Hominis (# 13), March 4, 1979:
“We are dealing with each man, for each one is included in the mystery of the Redemption and with each one Christ has united Himself forever through this mystery.”

John Paul II, Redemptoris Missio (# 4), Dec. 7, 1990:
“The Redemption event brings salvation to all, ‘for each one is included in the mystery of the Redemption and with each one Christ has united himself forever through this mystery.’”

John Paul II, Centesimus Annus (# 53) May 1, 1991:
“We are not dealing here with man in the ‘abstract,’ but with the real, ‘concrete,’ ‘historical’ man. We are dealing with each individual, since each one is included in the mystery of the Redemption and through this mystery Christ has united himself with each one forever.”

John Paul II, Homily, June 6, 1985:
"The Eucharist is the sacrament of the convenant of the Body and Blood of Christ, of the convenant which is eternal. This is the covenant which embraces all. This Blood reaches all and saves all."
Published in: L' Osservatore Romano, July 1, 1985, p. 3

Are these teachings in universalism? Would, or should, such teachings derail the canonization process?

Where did this list of out of context statements come from? In fact, I found these quotes as exactly as they appear here in a paper written by a sede vacantist dissenter on his website. (I will provide the name and website to anyone who writes me; however, because of the anti-Catholic-Church nature of the website, I do not wish to perpetuate this man’s works). This alone makes the attempt to make these statements seem as if Pope John Paul II was Universalist, suspect. Now let’s get on with analyzing the quotations themselves.

Starting with the first three first, the author will deal with the fourth quote, the one from his June 6, 1985 homily, separately. The irony of the first three quotes is this, Redemptor Hominis is the original quote; the other two quotes are John Paul II referencing the first quote in Redemptor Hominis. In other words, they are actually all the same statement in three different contexts.

Now, let’s look at context, shall we? Now in section 13 of Redemptor Hominis we need to back up a little. First off, this is the first section of ‘Chapter III: Redeemed Man and His Situation in the Modern World.’ The name of this chapter indicates that Pope John Paul II was addressing “redeemed man” and his relationship with the rest of mankind.

Earlier in section thirteen, Pope John Paul II quotes the Vatican II document Gaudium et spes (Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World) section 22. JPII writes “Christ the Lord indicated this way [the one single way] especially, when, as the Council teaches, “by his Incarnation, he, the Son of God, in a certain way united himself with each man.”” [i] It may, on the surface seem like universalism, but this is reading it, at worst with a bit of bigotry, at best out of context. Now, if we look at GS 22, it says:

He Who is "the image of the invisible God" (Col. 1:15),(21) is Himself the perfect man. To the sons of Adam He restores the divine likeness which had been disfigured from the first sin onward. Since human nature as He assumed it was not annulled,(22) by that very fact it has been raised up to a divine dignity in our respect too. For by His incarnation the Son of God has united Himself in some fashion with every man. He worked with human hands, He thought with a human mind, acted by human choice(23) and loved with a human heart. Born of the Virgin Mary, He has truly been made one of us, like us in all things except sin.(24)[ii]

The Council is referring to the Incarnation, and, because the Word became Flesh (John 1), He is united to every man in a different way than a Spirit can be united with him. He worked, He thought, He acted, and He loved as a human. That is how He is united to every man. He understands us and knows us in a different way than He could have before. The Council is not speaking of Universalism, but rather the nature of Jesus Christ’s humanity. He was truly man, and that humanity “has been raised up to a divine dignity in our respect too.”[iii]

Now let’s look at the Redemptor Hominis statement once again: “We are dealing with each man, for each one is included in the mystery of the Redemption and with each one Christ has united Himself forever through this mystery.” Here is the previous paragraph (to the one which contains the quote in question) in its entirity:

When we penetrate by means of the continually and rapidly increasing experience of the human family into the mystery of Jesus Christ, we understand with greater clarity that there is at the basis of all these ways that the Church of our time must follow, in accordance with the wisdom of Pope Paul VI ⁸⁶, one single way: it is the way that has stood the test of centuries and it is also the way of the future. Christ the Lord indicated this way especially, when, as the Council teaches, "by his Incarnation, he, the Son of God, in a certain way united himself with each man"⁸⁷. The Church therefore sees its fundamental task in enabling that union to be brought about and renewed continually. The Church wishes to serve this single end: that each person may be able to find Christ, in order that Christ may walk with each person the path of life, with the power of the truth about man and the world that is contained in the mystery of the Incarnation and the Redemption and with the power of the love that is radiated by that truth. Against a background of the ever increasing historical processes, which seem at the present time to have results especially within the spheres of various systems, ideological concepts of the world and regimes, Jesus Christ becomes, in a way, newly present, in spite of all his apparent absences, in spite of all the limitations of the presence and of the institutional activity of the Church. Jesus Christ becomes present with the power of the truth and the love that are expressed in him with unique unrepeatable fullness in spite of the shortness of his life on earth and the even greater shortness of his public activity.[iv]

The bolded statement is the quote from Gaudium et spes; while the line marked in blue, shows Pope John Paul II's statement on how Christ’s Incarnation affects all of humanity, and how it is the specific mission of the Church that each and every person find Christ through this special mystery. There is no indication here that John Paul II believes that all men will be saved. He states that it is the wish and mission of the Church that all mankind be saved.

In his supposed Universalist statement, John Paul II is actually referring back to the above and the next paragraph of section 13, which states that “Jesus Christ is the chief way for the Church. He himself is our way “to the Father’s house”[v] and is the way to each man.” He continues on to speak of the Church’s concern for every man’s welfare and dignity and how she is “a sign and a safeguard of the transcendence of the human person”[vi] without regard to political systems.

Now the actual paragraph from with the “controversial” quote came from says as follows:

Accordingly, what is in question here is man in all his truth, in his full magnitude. We are not dealing with the "abstract" man, but the real, "concrete", "historical" man. We are dealing with "each" man, for each one is included in the mystery of the Redemption and with each one Christ has united himself for ever through this mystery. Every man comes into the world through being conceived in his mother's womb and being born of his mother, and precisely on account of the mystery of the Redemption is entrusted to the solicitude of the Church. Her solicitude is about the whole man and is focused [sic] on him in an altogether special manner. The object of her care is man in his unique unrepeatable human reality, which keeps intact the image and likeness of God himself ⁹². The Council points out this very fact when, speaking of that likeness, it recalls that "man is the only creature on earth that God willed for itself"⁹³. Man as "willed" by God, as "chosen" by him from eternity and called, destined for grace and glory-this is "each" man, "the most concrete" man, "the most real"; this is man in all the fullness of the mystery in which he has become a sharer in Jesus Christ, the mystery in which each one of the four thousand million human beings living on our planet has become a sharer from the moment he is conceived beneath the heart of his mother.[vii]

John Paul II is clearly stating that he, like the Council, is not speaking in abstracts; he is speaking about real men. Because of the Incarnation, not only has Christ elevated the dignity of man but He has entrusted every man to His Church. Man is made in the image of God, and His Church is given the task of keeping that image and likeness “intact”. The Church is to respect and preserve the dignity of man and bring “each man” to Christ. So, when John Paul II speaks of Christ being united forever with each man, he is speaking of the dignified status His Incarnation has given each man. In no way can what John Paul II said be construed as Universalism, except by taking that one statement out of context and twisting it into that meaning. He does not state that this unity (through the mystery of the Incarnation) equates to the salvation of all.

[i] Vatican Council II: Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 22: AAS 58 ( 1966) 1042 http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html

[ii] Ibid. Footnotes for GS 22: 21. Cf. 2 Cor. 4:4. 22. Cf. Second Council of Constantinople, canon 7: "The divine Word was not changed into a human nature, nor was a human nature absorbed by the Word." Denzinger 219 (428); Cf. also Third Council of Constantinople: "For just as His most holy and immaculate human nature, though deified, was not destroyed (theotheisa ouk anerethe), but rather remained in its proper state and mode of being": Denzinger 291 (556); Cf. Council of Chalcedon:" to be acknowledged in two natures, without confusion change, division, or separation." Denzinger 148 (302). 23. Cf. Third Council of Constantinople: "and so His human will, though deified, is not destroyed": Denzinger 291 (556). 24. Cf. Heb. 4:15. http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html

[iii] Ibid.

[iv] Redemptor Hominis, 13. 86. Cf. Pope Paul VI: Encyclical Ecclesiam Suam: AAS 56 (1964) 609-659. 87. V atican Council II: Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World Gaudium et Spes, 22: AAS 58 ( 1966) 1042.

http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_04031979_redemptor-hominis_en.html

[v] Cf. Jn 14:1ff.

[vi] GS 76

[vii] LG 13 footnotes: 92. Cf. Gen 1:26. 93. GS 24; AAS 5B (1966) 1045.

Pope Blessed John Paul II and Universalism, Part Two

Now, let’s go on to the other two quotes, which are actually John Paul referring back to his own encyclical Redemtor Hominis. In fact in Redemptoris missio, John Paul II is reiterating the Church’s missionary mandate. Here is the relevant passage with the supposed controversial statement highlighted:

4. In my first encyclical, in which I set forth the program of my Pontificate, I said that "the Church's fundamental function in every age, and particularly in ours, is to direct man's gaze, to point the awareness and experience of the whole of humanity toward the mystery of Christ."⁴

The Church's universal mission is born of faith in Jesus Christ, as is stated in our Trinitarian profession of faith: "I believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God, eternally begotten of the Father.... For us men and for our salvation he came down from heaven: by the power of the Holy spirit he became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man."⁵ The redemption event brings salvation to all, "for each one is included in the mystery of the redemption and with each one Christ has united himself forever through this mystery."⁶ [Note: Quote from RH 13] It is only in faith that the Church's mission can be understood and only in faith that it finds its basis.[i]

In the context of the Church’s missionary mandate, that is “to point the awareness and experience of the whole of humanity toward the mystery of Christ,” it can be seen that “the redemption event brings salvation to all” is in reference to the missionary mandate of the Church. Because of the Incarnation, man’s salvation is within reach of every man, and it is His Church’s mission to bring that message to every man. Just as Jesus Christ said in John chapter three, “For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him shall have everlasting life.” (Jn 3:16 from memory of KJV) While God knows that not all of the “whosoever” will believe, it is the Church’s mission to act as if everyone is meant to be saved.

[i] Redemptoris mission, 4. Footnotes: 4. Encyclical Letter Redemtor Hominis, 10. 5. Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed: DS 150. 6. Encyclical Letter Redemptor Hominis, 13.

Pope Blessed John Paul II and Universalism, Part Three

The third so-called Universalist quote is from Centesimus annus:

53. Faced with the poverty of the working class, Pope Leo XIII wrote: "We approach this subject with confidence and in the exercise of the rights which manifestly pertain to us ... By keeping silence we would seem to neglect the duty incumbent on us".¹⁰⁷ During the last hundred years the Church has repeatedly expressed her thinking, while closely following the continuing development of the social question. She has certainly not done this in order to recover former privileges or to impose her own vision. Her sole purpose has been care and responsibility for man, who has been entrusted to her by Christ himself: for this man, whom, as the Second Vatican Council recalls, is the only creature on earth which God willed for its own sake, and for which God has his plan, that is, a share in eternal salvation. We are not dealing here with man in the "abstract", but with the real, "concrete", "historical" man. We are dealing with each individual, since each one is included in the mystery of Redemption, and through this mystery Christ has united himself with each one for ever.¹⁰⁸ [Note: quote from RH 13] It follows that the Church cannot abandon man, and that "this man is the primary route that the Church must travel in fulfilling her mission ... the way traced out by Christ himself, the way that leads invariably through the mystery of the Incarnation and the Redemption".¹⁰⁹

This, and this alone, is the principle which inspires the Church's social doctrine. The Church has gradually developed that doctrine in a systematic way, above all in the century that has followed the date we are commemorating, precisely because the horizon of the Church's whole wealth of doctrine is man in his concrete reality as sinful and righteous.[i]

This Encyclical is a Letter on the Rerum novarum by Pope Leo XIII on its hundredth anniversary. Centisimus annus was Pope John Paul’s way of “re-reading” Pope Leo’s encyclical by inviting a “look back at the text itself in order to discover anew the richness of the fundamental principles which it formulated for dealing with the question of the condition of workers.”[ii] Rerum novarum was a very important document in its day and continues to be, in the Church, a good reference point for many worker’s rights and social justice issues that crop up in modern society and how the Church should face these problems in the light of the Gospel.

Here again, Bl. John Paul II refers to the Incarnation, quoting his own Redemptor Hominis. The Incarnation dignified man because of Christ's Redemption. We, people of the Body of Christ, need to look on every man as part of Christ’s mystery of Redemption, so that we treat all workers fairly and within the dictates of Christ’s Gospel. Bl. John Paul, again, does not want his readers to see “man” as an abstract mass, but, seen through the lens of the Incarnation, as individuals, each reflecting to us the image of God. Here, again, Bl. John Paul II is not stating that all men will be saved, but that through the Incarnation each and every man has a special connection with Christ. We should see all man that way. It should spark the missionary mandate in the Church; it dictates the principles of the Church’s social doctrine.

[i] Encyclical Letter Centesimus annus, 53. Footnotes: 107. Encyclical Letter Rerum Novarum: loc. cit., 107. 108. Cf. Encyclical Letter RedemptorHominis, 13. 109. Ibid., 14.

[ii] Ibid. 3.

Pope Blessed John Paul II and Universalism, Part Four

Now, let’s take a look at Pope John Paul II’s homily of June 1, 1985. Here it is as it appeared in Scott’s original post:

"The Eucharist is the sacrament of the convenant of the Body and Blood of Christ, of the convenant which is eternal. This is the covenant which embraces all. This Blood reaches all and saves all."

I could not find this homily online except on some anti-Catholic websites that only quote this portion of the homily. It is in Italian on the Vatican website. I used Google Translate to translate it into English, so bear this in mind. Here is the passage as translated:

The Eucharist: Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ, the covenant, which is eternal.
This is the covenant that everyone understands. This blood reaches all and saves all.

Yes, on the surface it may seem as if John Paul is embracing Universalism, but it must be taken out of the context of the homily to be seen that way. However, even with just this part of the homily taken out of context, my version says that it is the “covenant that everyone understands” (Questa è l’alleanza che tutti comprende.) not “This is the covenant which embraces all.” From what little Latin I know, my Google Translate translation seems to be a better one. Now, really does everyone understand the Eucharist? Is it a slight hyperbole here or perhaps it pertains to his target audience--the Catholic faithful at a Catholic Mass? He is speaking a homily at a Catholic Mass. Everyone at the Mass would understand what he was talking about, to the extend any Catholic understands the greatest mystery of our Faith--the Eucharist.

Blessed John Paul II gave this homily, on the Solemnity of the Body and Blood of Christ, June 6, 1985, at the Basilica of St. John Lateran. He begins the homily in reminding those at Mass of the New Covenant—the Blood of Jesus Christ (Mk 14: 24). He also says that the Lateran “has become the upper room of the Church of Rome”.[i] He reviews what happened in the upper room and repeats the institution of the Eucharist by Jesus Christ (Mk 14:22-24).[ii] He relates the New Covenant to the Old Covenant with its blood sacrifices.[iii] He talks about the mediator and high priest of the New Covenant, Christ.[iv]

He goes on to say, “The Sacrament of the Body and Blood is the Sacrament of the street, of the path along which man goes to his eternal destiny in God Himself. The way that the life immersed in temporality of life that passes [away] brings us to eternal life.”[v] Bl. John Paul sees the Eucharist as accessible to anyone to come to Christ in faith. “…the Eucharist is the Sacrament of the street [and] the path along which we [are] guided to the God of the Covenant.”[vi]

In paragraph 6, we see a clue to what John Paul says in paragraph 7 (quoted in the original post). He said, “We wish to testify in the middle [midst?] of our community, and we want to say to all men: the way of Man is the way of eternal life.” He is saying that the Eucharist is available to all, and that the only way to eternal life is "the way of Man"--one of Jesus Christ's titles is 'Son of Man' making it obvious to me at least that "the way of Man" is the way of Jesus Christ. This has been the constant teaching of the Church; the Eucharist is the center of worship.

Even if we use the translation from the original post, we can break it down this way:

The Eucharist is the sacrament of the convenant [sic] of the Body and Blood of Christ, of the convenant which is eternal.

The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ is eternal. If we believe Christ is God, another constant doctrine of the Church, He is eternal. Though His Incarnation was bound in time, the Son of God is not bound by those limits. The Sacrament takes on the eternity of the One of Whom it consists—Jesus Christ, the second Person of the Blessed Trinity. This covenant, as all of God's covenants are, is eternal.

This is the covenant which embraces all.

Jesus Christ did intend the covenant to be for all men. After all He did commission the Twelve to, “Go out and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.” So, the covenant does embrace all. Bl. John Paul cannot be construed to mean that this covenant saves all. But, let’s go on to the last statement:

This Blood reaches all and saves all.

It may seem that John Paul is stating that the Eucharistic covenant saves all--every human being who ever lived. However, in the context of this homily, he is stating that the Blood reaches all and saves all but not in the context of universality. He is preaching to Catholics. It is to them that "this Blood" reaches and saves. It is the Church’s mission to bring the Sacrament and the Covenant to all--each and every one. It cannot reach all if it is not brought. It cannot save all if it is not consumed (I am the living bread which came down from heaven. If anyone eats of this bread will live forever "(Jn 6: 51)).[vii]

Again, is this the “covenant everyone understands?” Few Catholics understand it; we cannot expect the entire world to understand it. It is reading too much into John Paul’s words to say that he meant that the Eucharist would save the entire human race, despite their sin, their creed, or their lack of belief in the Eucharist.

In conclusion, it is definitely a misconception to believe that Pope John Paul II’s statements about each man being related to Christ in the Incarnation (and redemption) meant that he was supportive of Universalism. In addition, his homily on the Solemnity of the Body and Blood of Christ was certainly not supportive of it either. These statements were taken out of their context(s). It was argued that appearances can affect how we see the cause for sainthood for this holy man, Bl. John Paul II. However, it is equally, perhaps even more so, true that just because something is repeated in the media or, in this case, online, doesn’t make it so. The charge of Universalism is completely false.

[i] John Paul II, Liturgy of the Eucharist in Piazza San Giovanni Lateran, Homily, 1. “That room, the place of the Last Supper, is called the Upper Room. Each year the Church in Rome meets at his cathedral, the Basilica of the Lateran, to celebrate the memorial of the Last Supper: Holy Thursday. This place has become the upper room of the Church of Rome.” Translated by Cathmom5 using Google Translate, Sept. 20, 2012.

[ii] Ibid., 2. “Even today we are in this place. We are all here, to renew the memory of the sacrament through which Jesus gave to mankind his body and his blood as food and drink. This year we renew the memory of the institution of the Eucharist, reading the Gospel according to Mark.” [Translated by Cathmom5 using Google Translate.] He goes on to quote Mark 14:22-24.

[iii] Ibid., 3. Referencing Exodus 24:7-8.

[iv] Ibid., 4. “ In the Upper Room in Jerusalem Christ is manifested mediator of the new covenant, he "who with his own blood" must go "once for all into the sanctuary. . . thus securing an eternal redemption "(Heb 9: 12). The mediator of the new covenant. The high priest of good things to come. Christ, "who through the eternal Spirit offered himself without blemish to God, cleanse. . . conscience from dead works to serve the living God "(Heb 9: 14)….”

[v] Ibid., 5.

[vi] Ibid., 6.

[vii] Ibid., 6.

Beatification Questions John Paul II

Now, before I begin this article let me just say that I have not personally taken a stand one way or the other on this topic other than I am concerned about the rushing of the process. It is my goal in this article to present both sides of this matter - both pro and con - so that all issues are on the table for discussion and consideration.

On the Pro side:

1) He was the pope who streamlined the process of canonization.

Why should not the pope who streamlined the process benefit from it?

2) He was well loved by millions of Catholics.

It is unquestionable that Pope John Paul II was loved throughout the world by literally millions of Catholics.

3) One of the most popular and traveled popes of all time, reaching out to the world.

Pope John Paul II, who led the Catholic Church for more than a quarter century, also did more traveling throughout the world to reach out to Catholics, and non-Catholics alike, than any other pope in history.

4) A miracle has been attributed to Pope John Paul II and has been confirmed by the Church.

It is necessary that a miracle be confirmed by the Church for beatification to move forward. A second miracle is needed for canonization. Confirmation of the first miracle is reported here:
http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/miracle-confirmed-john-paul-ii-to-be-beatified/story-e6frg6so-1225988107487

http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2011-01-14-pope-john-paul-ii-beatification_N.htm

5) The Church has the authority to beatify and eventually canonize whomever they please.

See Matthew 16:18-19 and Matthew 18:18. No time restrictions are applied there.

6) Pope John Paul II was integral to the fall of Communism in the U.S.S.R.

7) Pope John Paul II demonstrated saintly forgiveness in the face of his attempted assassin.

8) It is not without precedence for a papal successor to raise his predecessor for beatification and sainthood.

(Though the last time this happened was over 10 centuries ago).

On the Con side:

1) The process is moving too fast.

For the very reason that Pope John Paul II initiated this expedited process, extra care should be taken to avoid any reason to question the process - especially for his own beatification/canonization.

Addendum: This is valid argumentation - and we must keep in mind, he has not been canonized yet.

2) Did Pope John Paul II indeed kiss the Koran?

I've heard speculation that this was not a Koran, but an Arabic Catholic missal - I've had no confirmation of this.

Addendum: This speculation is valid - and the size of the book is the size of an altar missal, so it could indeed be just that.

3) Not only inviting non-Christians to Assisi, but allowing for idols to other gods and/or non-gods to be placed upon Christian altars there.

Statue of Buddha (close up)

Altar in Assisi with statue of Buddha on it and Buddhists praying before it.

Addendum: The fact is, this was NOT the main altar at the Church of St. Francis of Assisi, and not even the same building. This was a side-building not typically used for any Catholic worship.

4) It is asserted that Pope John Paul II taught universalism (a heresy) in at least the following documents:

John Paul II, Redemptor Hominis (# 13), March 4, 1979:
“We are dealing with each man, for each one is included in the mystery of the Redemption and with each one Christ has united Himself forever through this mystery.”

John Paul II, Redemptoris Missio (# 4), Dec. 7, 1990:
“The Redemption event brings salvation to all, ‘for each one is included in the mystery of the Redemption and with each one Christ has united himself forever through this mystery.’”

John Paul II, Centesimus Annus (# 53) May 1, 1991:
“We are not dealing here with man in the ‘abstract,’ but with the real, ‘concrete,’ ‘historical’ man. We are dealing with each individual, since each one is included in the mystery of the Redemption and through this mystery Christ has united himself with each one forever.”